Prions infect animals and humans
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All known prion diseases are fatal. Since the immune system does not recognize prions as foreign, no natural protection develops. Scrapie in sheep was first described during the18th century. It has been transmitted to other animals such as mink and cats, and more recently to cows (mad cow disease or bovine spongiform encephalopathy, BSE) through contaminated feedstuff. |
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In New Guinea, the Fore-people contracted kuru by eating the brains of deceased people. Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease (CJD) frequently arises spontaneously, while fatal familial insomnia (FFI) Gerstmann-Sträussler-Scheinker (GSS) disease, and 10-15% of CJD are caused by mutations in the gene encoding the prion protein. A new variant CJD, diagnosed in some 20 patients, may have arisen through transmission of BSE to humans.
Nobel Prizes and laureates
Six prizes were awarded for achievements that have conferred the greatest benefit to humankind. The 12 laureates' work and discoveries range from proteins' structures and machine learning to fighting for a world free of nuclear weapons.
See them all presented here.
