The Nobel Prize in Physics 1996

The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences
awarded the 1996 Nobel Prize in Physics jointly to

David M. Lee, Douglas D. Osheroff and Robert C. Richardson

for their discovery of superfluidity in helium-3.

David M. Lee
Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
Photo: R. Barker, Cornell University Photography

Douglas D. Osheroff
Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA

Robert C. Richardson
Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
Photo: Ch. Harrington, Cornell University Photography

Contents:
Introduction » Significant kinks » Helium » Colder than cold » Superfluidity » Phases and phase transition » Statistical laws explain differences » How ³He becomes superfluid » Whirlpools » Further reading »
Based on materials from the 1996 Nobel Poster for Physics. Credits and references for the poster »