Coherence, condensation, phase transitions are central concepts in physics. Several of the recent Nobel Prizes in Physics have been given to pioneers of these fields. Systems can condense to condensates where particles act coherently, that is in exactly the same way. Photons in a laser is a well known example. Another example is the recent experimental realization of a Bose Einstein condensate (BEC) in dilute gases where the wave functions of atoms overlap and form a coherent state at low temperature, where all condensed atoms move together. BEC's are similar to superfluid and superconducting systems. Related phenomena occur in these condensates. For example, vortices of different kinds appear under rotation in BEC and superfluid 3He and 4He and correspond to quantized fluxons in superconductors under magnetic fields. Macroscopic quantum phenomena, another token of coherence, are typical of superconductors and occur also in the superfluids, including BEC. Coherence is of utmost importance in so called quantum computers, a new concept based upon the probability of a two state system to be in one or the other of the states and where a number of operations have to be performed within a decoherence time.
A Nobel Symposium provides an excellent opportunity to bring together a group of outstanding scientists for a stimulating exchange of ideas and results. The Nobel symposia are small meetings and participation is by invitation only, typically 20-40 participants. In 2001, the Nobel Foundation celebrated the 100th anniversary of the first Nobel prize and all previous Nobel laureates were invited to attend the Nobel ceremonies in Stockholm. This gave an excellent opportunity for arranging jubilee symposia with topics that would attract several of the laureates. Our chosen subject of Condensation and Coherence in Condensed Systems (CoCoCo) attracted sixteen Nobel Laureates and another thirty-five leading scientists who met in Göteborg during four days before leaving for the festivities in Stockholm. The program had to be concentrated to certain aspects and we apologize to all prominent scientists in the field that could not be invited due to space limits.
Our idea was to bring scientists together from several related sub-disciplines: atomic physics, quantum optics, condensed matter physics, for cross breeding of ideas, concepts and experience. Subjects like phase transitions in strongly coupled systems, Bose-Einstein condensation in weakly coupled systems, macroscopic quantum phenomena, coherence in mesoscopic structures, and quantum information were intensively discussed from different points of view. Coherence phenomena in condensed systems were emphasized. A special session was devoted to the emerging field of quantum computing with experimental and theoretical results reported for different types of qu-bits. The 2001 Nobel Prize to Eric Cornell, Wolfgang Ketterle, and Carl Wieman, "for the achievement of Bose-Einstein condensation in dilute gases of alkali atoms, and for early fundamental studies of the properties of the condensates" gave an extra flavor to the theme of the Centennial Symposium.
The Symposium was sponsored by the Nobel Foundation through its Nobel Symposium Committee. Lectures were given at Ågrenska Villan, a former merchant mansion that was donated to the Göteborg University, at the Microtechnology Center of Chalmers, and at Universeum, the new science center in Göteborg. Several of the sessions were opened to invited scientists or to a broader audience, which could enjoy reviews of central topics. High school students and His Majesty the King of Sweden had the possibility to meet and interview many of the laureates during the visit at Universeum. Receptions were sponsored by the City of Göteborg and Chalmers University of Technology and gave participants opportunities to meet local scientists, students, and industrialists as well as to enjoy music and a guided tour of arts. The symposium was organized by Sune Svanberg, Mats Jonson, and Tord Claeson. Valuable hints were given by Anders Bárány, the secretary of the Nobel Committee for Physics. Many of the participants gave valuable comments regarding the planning of the CoCoCo symposium. Special thanks are due to our “sounding board”: Anthony Leggett, Hans Mooij, Doug Osheroff, Bill Phillips, and Stig Stenholm. Per Delsing had the responsibility of editing the Proceedings. Our secretary, Ann-Marie Frykestig, and technician, Staffan Pehrson, did outstanding jobs organizing practical matters. Several of the members of our local university community helped with odds and ends. Mariana Ravneva Ivanova and Madeline Claeson directed an appreciated companions program.
The Proceedings contain most of the material presented at the Symposium. A few contributions that summarized results published elsewhere are exempted. We hope that these Proceedings will convey to the reader some of the excitement felt by the participants during the Symposium. We also want to express our thanks to sponsors and contributors to this successful scientific event.
| Program |
| (Click on the links to read the presentations in PDF-format.) |
| December 4 |
| Session 1 |
| Mats Jonson, Chalmers University of Technology, Göteborg, Sweden (chairman) |
| Decoherence in mesoscopic
systems Richard A. Webb (University of Maryland, USA) |
| Boris Altshuler (Princeton University
and NEC, USA) Friedel oscillations of interacting fermions and zero bias anomalies |
| Alexander Andreev (Kapitza
Institute, Moscow) |
| Philip W. Anderson (Princeton
University, USA) |
| Discussion (Mats Jonson, discussion leader) |
| Session 2 |
| Mikko Paalanen, Technical University of Helsinki, Finland (chairman) |
| Robert Shekhter (Götenburg
University, Sweden) Nanoelectromechanics of Coulomb blockade nanostructures » |
| Poul Erik Lindelof (University of
Copenhagen, Denmark) Electron spin in single wall carbon nanotubes » |
| Matti Krusius (Technical
University of Helsinki, Finland) Quantized vorticity in 3He superfluids |
| Alan J. Heeger (University of
California Santa Barbara, USA) The critical regime of the metal-insulator transition in conducting polymeres: experimental studies » |
| Extended discussions (Douglas D. Osheroff, Stanford University, discussion leader) |
| December 5 (open to the general public) |
| Mini-symposium on Bose-Einstein condensed gases |
| Jan-Erik Sundgren, Chalmers University of Technology, Göteborg, Sweden (chairman) |
| Carl E. Wieman (JILA, University of
Colorado, Boulder, USA) Bose-Einstein condensation with adjustable interactions |
| Eric A. Cornell (JILA, University of
Colorado, Boulder, USA) Experiments in two-component Bose-Einstein condensates |
| Wolfgang Ketterle (MIT, USA) |
| Session 3 (participants and invited) |
| Asle Sudbø, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway (chairman) |
| K. Alexander Müller
(University of Zurich, Switzerland) |
| Ching-Wu (Paul) Chu
(University of Houston, USA and Hongkong University of
Science and Technology, Hongkong) |
| Antonio Barone (University of Naples
Federico II, Italy) |
| Session 4 (participants and invited) |
| Stellan Östlund, Chalmers University of Technology, Göteborg, Sweden (chairman) |
| John Robert Schrieffer (NHMFL,
Tallahassee, Florida, USA) |
| David Haviland (Royal Institute of
Technology, Stockholm, Sweden) |
| Anthony Leggett (University of
Illinois, Urbana, USA) |
| Session 5 (open to general audience) |
| Robert B. Laughlin (Stanford
University, USA) The theory of everything |
| Bertram Batlogg (Bell Labs, USA and
ETH, Zürich, Switzerland) Field-effect doping: a new approach to correlated electron states |
| Johannes E. Mooij (University of Delft, the Netherlands) Superconducting quantum bits |
| December 6 |
| Session 6 |
| Sune Svanberg, Lund University, Lund, Sweden (chairman) |
| Maciej Lewenstein (University of
Hannover, Germany) |
| Steven Chu (Stanford University,
USA) A preliminary measurement of the fine structure constant based on atom interferometry » |
|
Stig Stenholm (Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm,
Sweden) |
| Session 7 |
| Klaus von Klitzing, Max Planck Institute, Stuttgart (chairman) |
| Hideaki Takayanagi (NTT, Atsugi,
Japan) |
| Zdravko Ivanov (Chalmers University,
Göteborg, Sweden) |
| Jochen Mannhart (University of Augsburg, Germany) Experiments with d-wave superconductors » |
| Meet a researcher (Nobel Laureate) - invitation to high schools and press |
| Session 8 |
| Arne Rosén, Chalmers University of Technology, Göteborg (chairman) |
| Claude Cohen-Tannoudji (Ècole
Normale Supérieure, Paris, France) |
| Steven Girvin (Yale University, USA)
|
| David M. Lee (Cornell University, USA)
|
| Session 9 |
| Robert C. Richardson, Cornell University, USA, (chairman) |
| Serge Haroche (Ècole Normale Supérieure, Paris, France) Quantum information with atoms and photons in a cavity: entanglement, complementarity and decoherence studies » |
| Gunnar Björk (Royal
Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden) A theory of the relative phase and number difference of two quantized harmonic oscillators |
| Stefen Kröll (Lund Institute of
Technology, Lund, Sweden) |
| Extended discussions (Robert Richardson, discussion leader) |
| December 7 |
| Session 10 |
| Göran Wendin, Chalmers University of Technology, Göteborg, Sweden (chairman) |
| Gerd Schön (University of
Karlsruhe, Germany) |
| Yasunobu Nakamura (NEC, Tsukuba,
Japan) |
| Michel Devoret (CEA-Saclay, France
& Yale University, USA) |
| Session 11 |
| Erland Wikborg, Ericsson Microelectronics, Kista, Sweden (chairman) |
| Per Delsing (Chalmers University, Göteborg, Sweden) Reading out charge qubits with a radio frequency single electron transistor » |
| John Clarke (University of Berkeley,
USA) |
| Konstantin Likharev (SUNY, Stony
Brook, USA) CUBIT: A superconductor device for controlled coupling of flux and charge qu-bits |
| Participants |
| Zhores I.
Alferov Ioffe Physico-Technical Institute, St. Petersburg, Russia |
| Boris Altshuler Princeton University & NEC, USA |
| Philip W.
Anderson Princeton University, USA |
| Alexander Andreev Kapitza Institute, Moscow, Russia |
| Antonio Barone Universitá di Napoli "Federico II", Italy |
| Bertram Batlogg ETH Zürich, Switzerland |
| Gunnar Björk Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden |
| Steven Chu Stanford University, USA |
| Ching-Wu (Paul) Chu University of Houston, USA & HongKong University of Science & Technology, Hongkong |
| Tord Claeson Chalmers University of Technology, Göteborg, Sweden |
| John Clarke University of California Berkeley, USA |
| Claude Cohen-Tannoudji École Normale Supérieure, Paris, France |
| Eric
A. Cornell JILA, University of Colorado, Boulder , USA |
| Per Delsing Chalmers University of Technology, Göteborg, Sweden |
| Michel Devoret CEA-Saclay, France & Yale University, USA |
| Leo
Esaki Shibaura Institute of Technology, Japan |
| Steven Girvin Yale University, USA |
| Serge Haroche École Normale Supérieure, Paris, France |
| David Haviland Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm |
| Alan J. Heeger University of California Santa Barbara, USA |
| Zdravko Ivanov Chalmers University of Technology, Göteborg, Sweden |
| Mats Jonson Chalmers University of Technology, Göteborg, Sweden |
| Wolfgang
Ketterle Massachussetts Institute of Technology, USA |
| Matti Krusius Helsinki University of Technology, Finland |
| Stefan Kröll Lund Insitutet of Technology, Sweden |
| Robert B.
Laughlin Stanford University, USA |
| David M. Lee Cornell University, USA |
| Anthony Leggett University of Illinois, Urbana, USA |
| Maciej Lewenstein University of Hannover, Germany |
| Konstantin K. Likharev SUNY, Stony Brook, USA |
| Poul Erik Lindelof University of Copenhagen |
| Jochen Mannhart University of Augsburg, Germany |
| Johannes E. Mooij University of Delft , the Netherlands |
| K.
Alexander Müller University of Zürich, Switzerland |
| Yasunobu Nakamura, NEC, Tsukuba, Japan |
| Douglas D. Osheroff Stanford University, USA |
| Mikko Paalanen Helsinki University of Technology, Finland |
| William D. Phillips NIST, Gaithersburg, USA |
| Robert C. Richardson Cornell University, USA |
| Arne Rosén Chalmers University of Technology, Göteborg, Sweden |
| Gerd Schön University of Karlsruhe, Germany |
| John Robert
Schrieffer NHMFL, Tallahassee, Florida, USA |
| Robert Shekhter Göteborg University, Sweden |
| Stig Stenholm, Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden |
| Asle Sudbø Norwegian University of Science & Technology, Trondheim, Norway |
| Jan-Erik Sundgren Chalmers University of Technology, Göteborg, Sweden |
| Sune Svanberg Lund University, Sweden |
| Hideaki Takayanagi NTT, Atsugi, Japan |
| Klaus von Klitzing Max Planck Institute, Stuttgart, Germany |
| Richard A. Webb University of Maryland, USA |
| Göran Wendin Chalmers University of Technology, Göteborg, Sweden |
| Carl
E. Wieman JILA, University of Colorado, Boulder, USA |
| Erland Wikborg Chalmers University of Technology, Göteborg, Sweden |
| Stellan Östlund Chalmers University of Technology, Göteborg, Sweden |
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