Presentation Speech

Presentation Speech by Jørgen Gunnarsson Løvland , Chairman of the Nobel Committee, on December 10, 1911*

Alfred Hermann Fried was born in Vienna in 1864, but most of his activities have been carried on in Germany. Since 1891 he has devoted his whole life to work for peace, one of the few men to do so. Fried, who was first a bookseller and then a journalist, is a self-educated man who, with true German persistence and application, worked his way up until he had mastered scholarly writing. He has probably been the most industrious literary pacifist in the past twenty years. In 1892 he founded the Deutsche Friedensgesellschaft [German Peace Society] and for a time edited its journals. Since 1899 he has been publishing his own monthly periodical Die Friederswarte¹, which he has gradually turned into the best journal in the peace movement, with excellent leading articles and news of topical international problems. Fried has considered it his task to win over the German university faculties of international law and history to the cause of peace and to persuade them to contribute to his periodical, and he may now be said to have succeeded. Among the many who have lent their support to Fried's candidacy for the Nobel Peace Prize are Professors L. von Bar, Lamprecht, Niemeyer, Schucking, Rehm, and Lentner². Fried's name was also proposed by the Swedish Parliamentary Peace Group through Baron Bonde and by the Swedish Peace and Arbitration Association through another member of Parliament.

According to Fried, the foundation of the peace movement should be the legal and political organization of international life. He finds the beginnings of an efficient organization in the existing international bureaus and wants new ones to be created for all fields of international relations. The existing international anarchy (armed peace) will gradually disappear with increased organization and be succeeded by an ordered state of peace. Because of this viewpoint Fried places less emphasis on combating war; the method generally employed by friends of peace, that of arousing disgust at the idea of war, is not in his opinion sufficient. Instead of fighting the symptoms of war, he wants first and foremost to fight its cause, namely, the anarchy in international relations. Fried has argued his theory in a work entitled The Basis of Pacifism³ (Freiburg, 1908).

In addition to innumerable contributions to the Austro-German press, Fried has published a large number of individual monographs and books on pacifism. Among these are: Das Abrüstungs-Problem (Berlin, 1904); Der kranke Krieg (Leipzig, 1909), a collection of his best leading articles in Die Friedenswarte; and Pan-Amerika (Berlin, 1910), a meritorious scholarly account of the efforts organized by the Pan-American Bureau⁴ in Washington. His best known work is his Handbuch der Friedensbewegung (1905) of which Part I came out this year in a new and expanded edition. It is an account of the fundamental problems of the peace movement, giving reports on peace conferences and the position of arbitration, and containing an interesting historical review of the peace movement, with biographies of outstanding friends of peace and a list of societies and other organizations belonging to the movement.

Fried's agitation played a part in bringing about the Morocco Pact⁵.

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* Mr. Løvland gave biographical data on both prizewinners for 1911 in his presentation speech at the award ceremony in the Norwegian Nobel Institute on December 10, 1911. The second part of the speech, that concerning Mr. Fried, is given here. The translation is based on the Norwegian text of it (insofar as the reporter was able to reproduce it) in the Oslo Aftenposten of December 11, 1911. Mr. Fried was not present and never delivered a Nobel lecture.

1. This replaced Die Waffen Nieder, published by Fried and edited by Bertha von Suttner.

2. All of these were scholars and experts in law (particularly international law) or in history and political science.

3. The original German title was Die Grundlagen des revolutionären Pacifismus (Tübingen: Mohr, 1908). Later editions were entitled Die Grundlagen des ursächlichen Pazifismus.

4. The International Bureau of American Republics became the Pan American Union in 1910; today it serves as the secretariat of the Organization of American States (OAS) formed in 1948.

5. The latest of several Moroccan crises - brought on by European rivalry, especially between Germany and France, for territorial power in Morocco - had just been settled by the Convention of November 4, 1911, which provided that Germany would allow France a free hand in Morocco in exchange for part of the French Congo.

From Nobel Lectures, Peace 1901-1925, Editor Frederick W. Haberman, Elsevier Publishing Company, Amsterdam, 1972

 

Copyright © The Nobel Foundation 1911