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With the new SLAC
electron accelerator, the intention was to continue
and, hopefully, improve of Hofstadter's
investigations of the charge structure of the proton.
Following initial experiments in which the research
team studied "elastic" collisions without finding
anything exciting, the part of the team which included
this year's Nobel Laureates started to investigate
"inelastic collisions". In
this, the SLAC-MIT experiment, the scattering angle and
energy loss of the electron after the collision were
observed: these together give a measure of whether the
collision really is inelastic, and also of the degree
of inelasticity. By selecting electrons, which
scattered at increasingly large angles and with
increasing energy losses (corresponding to photons of
decreasing wavelengths), the research team analysed
deeper and deeper layers of the proton. Earlier
investigations of the proton at low energies had shown
that this ought to be "soft" with a relatively even
internal distribution of its electrical charge. This
year's Laureates therefore had reason to believe there
would be a decline in the probability of photon
absorption (low number of events). But they found
instead a high probability level (many events), i.e.
there seemed to be something small and "hard" inside
the proton.
Thus the new investigations
gave the surprising result that the electrical charge
within the proton is concentrated to smaller components
of negligible size.
This unexpected discovery by
the 1990 Laureates was noted immediately by certain
skilled theoreticians, chiefly R.P. Feynman
and J.D. Bjorken. The result was first interpreted
within the framework of what is termed the parton
model, which, however, soon came to be identified with
the quark model. Very thorough analysis of the
experimental results also gave the first hint of the
existence of the neutral "glue particles", later to be
called gluons. |
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