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  The following account of the work of the Braggs is by Professor G. Granqvist, Chairman of the Nobel Committee for Physics of epoch-making discovery of the diffraction of the X-rays in crystals, on the one hand established wave motion as the essential quality of those rays and, on the other, afforded the experimental proof…

English 5 October 2004 has decided to award the Nobel Prize in Physics for 2004 “for the discovery of asymptotic freedom in the theory of the strong interaction” jointly to David J. Gross Kavli Institute for Theoretical Physics, University of California, Santa Barbara, USA, H. David Politzer California Institute of Technology (Caltech), Pasadena, USA, and…

  The Nobel Prize in Physics 2004             The theory shows its true colours The aftermath of a high-energy collision between a proton and an electron, as seen by the H1 experiment at the DESY laboratory in Hamburg. The experiment is shown in cross-section, perpendicular to colliding beams of protons…

Joachim Pietzsch is a science writer with a broad interest in history. After medical training he earned a degree in journalism, and worked for 15 years in the global communications and global R&D departments of the pharmaceutical company Hoechst AG, and its successor company Aventis, where he was the senior manager for scientific relations. He…

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Gustav Ludwig Hertz was born in Hamburg on July 22nd, 1887, the son of a lawyer, Dr. Gustav Hertz, and his wife Auguste, née Arning. He attended the Johanneum School in Hamburg before commencing his university education at Göttingen in 1906; he subsequently studied at the Universities of Munich and Berlin, graduating in 1911. He…

Ernest Orlando Lawrence was born on 8th August, 1901, at Canton, South Dakota (United States). His parents, Carl Gustavus and Gunda (née Jacobson) Lawrence, were the children of Norwegian immigrants, his father being a Superintendant of Schools. His early education was at Canton High School, then St. Olaf College. In 1919 he went to the…