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Additional background material on the Nobel Prize in Physics 1997 15 October 1997 has decided to award the 1997 Nobel Prize in Physics jointly to Professor Steven Chu, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA, Professor Claude Cohen-Tannoudji, Collège de France and École Normale Supérieure, Paris, France, and Dr. William D. Phillips, National Institute of Standards and…

Additional background material on the Nobel Prize in Physics 1995 The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences has decided to award the 1995 Nobel Prize in Physics for pioneering experimental contributions to lepton physics with one half to Professor Martin L. Perl, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA for the discovery of the tau lepton and with…

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Scientific background Discoveries of Mechanisms for Autophagy The 2016 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine is awarded to Yoshinori Ohsumi for his discoveries of mechanisms for autophagy. Macroautophagy (“self-eating”, hereafter referred to as autophagy) is an evolutionarily conserved process whereby the eukaryotic cell can recycle part of its own content by sequestering a portion of…

Scientific Background Avermectin and Artemisinin – Revolutionary Therapies against Parasitic Diseases The 2015 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine is awarded with one half jointly to Dr. William C. Campbell and Professor Satoshi Ōmura for their discoveries concerning a novel therapy against infections caused by roundworm parasites and the other half to Professor Tu Youyou…

Additional background material on the Nobel Prize in Physics 1996 has decided to award the 1996 Nobel Prize in Physics jointly to Professor David M. Lee, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA, Professor Douglas D. Osheroff, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA, and Professor Robert C. Richardson, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA, for their discovery of superfluidity…

Scientific Background The Brain’s Navigational Place and Grid Cell System The 2014 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine is awarded to Dr. John M. O’Keefe, Dr. May-Britt Moser and Dr. Edvard  I. Moser for their discoveries of nerve cells in the brain that enable a sense of place and navigation. These discoveries are ground breaking…

Scientific Background Machinery Regulating Vesicle Traffic, A Major Transport System in our Cells The 2013 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine is awarded to Dr. James E. Rothman, Dr. Randy W. Schekman and Dr. Thomas C. Südhof for their discoveries of machinery regulating vesicle traffic, a major transport system in our cells. This represents a…