Nobel Prize

  Additional background material on the Bank of Sweden Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel 1997 14 October 1997 has decided to award the Bank of Sweden Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel 1997, to Professor Robert C. Merton, Harvard University, and Professor Myron S. Scholes, Stanford University for…

Additional background material on the Bank of Sweden Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel 1996 8 October 1996; has decided to award the Bank of Sweden Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel, 1996, to Professor James A. Mirrlees, University of Cambridge, U.K. and Professor William Vickrey, Columbia University, New…

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Scientific background Mature cells can be reprogrammed to become pluripotent The 2012 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine is awarded to Dr. John B. Gurdon and Dr. Shinya Yamanaka for their discovery that mature, differentiated cells can be reprogrammed to a pluripotent stem cell state. This represents a paradigm shift in our understanding of cellular…

Gene Modification in Mice Introduction The 2007 Nobel Prize in physiology or medicine is awarded to Drs Mario R. Capecchi, Martin J. Evans and Oliver Smithies for their discoveries of principles for introducing specific gene modifications in mice by the use of embryonic stem cells. Their work has made it possible to modify specific genes…

Scientific background Activation of the immune system The 2011 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine is awarded with one half jointly to Bruce A. Beutler and Jules A. Hoffmann for their discoveries concerning the activation of innate immunity, and the other half to Ralph M. Steinman for his discovery of the dendritic cell and its…

The discoveries of human papilloma viruses that cause cervical cancer and of human immunodeficiency virus Professor Harald zur Hausen, emeritus Scientific Director and Chairman of the Management Board of the German Cancer Research Center in Heidelberg, has made seminal observations that identify novel human papilloma viruses as key contributors to cervical cancer. Cervical cancer is…